3D printers emit hazardous vapours and nanoparticles

3D printers have become increasingly popular in homes, schools and libraries. They emit hazardous vapours and very small particles, including so-called nanoparticles. These substances may negatively affect our health.

3D printers can produce three-dimensional objects by building them layer by layer from a digital blueprint. Both professionals and consumers now have access to the technology, and schools are also using this type of printer in their education programmes. The most common 3D printers used by consumers today are so-called filament printers, which use a plastic thread as a printing material.

The product printed in 3D printers has not been subjected to the same standardised tests as other goods. For example, if the printer is used to make toys, the toy does not undergo the standardised tests that exist to protect children from hazardous chemicals and small parts that could risk choking the child.

‘The particles and vapours emitted by the printer can also be harmful to health and we need to raise awareness of the risks of these, especially to protect children both at school and at home,’ says Bert-Ove Lund, toxicologist at the Swedish Chemicals Agency and member of the Swedish Toxicological Council.

Researchers have also found that 3D printers can emit nanoparticles. These are very small particles, ranging in size from 1-100 nanometres, between 1 000 and 10 000 times smaller than a human cell.

‘Studies have shown that these particles can penetrate deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and damage tissue,’ says Penny Nymark, toxicologist and examiner at the Swedish Chemicals Agency.

To reduce the spread of air pollutants and other unwanted exposure from 3D filament printers, the Swedish Chemicals Agency, together with the Swedish Work Environment Authority, has compiled recommendations for use at home and in public places, such as schools and libraries.

• Make sure you receive installation and user's manual in Swedish along with your printer, and follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully.
• Place the printer in a well-ventilated area and preferably near an exhaust vent. The US federal agencies recommends doubling the airflow compared to normal. Avoid using the printer in a room where children spend long periods of time, such as bedrooms or classrooms.
• An enclosed printer with a fan and filter is recommended as it can reduce the amount of small particles and vapours released into the air.
• Wait 20 minutes before opening the enclosing hood to avoid air pollutants to spread out into the room.
• Use materials that are suitable for the item to be printed and for the printer being used. Follow the manufacturer's instructions.
• Be sure to check that materials and other raw materials to be used in contact with food are intended for this type of usage.
• Be careful with the printer, as its surfaces can be hot and have moving parts.
• The printer is not a toy; do not let children play with it.